![]() ![]() For example, the interaction between the experimenter and the participant and different instructions for completing the test can potentially bias measurement, and scores can change between people because of greater measurement error in certain cases rather than actual differences in the construct. A reliable test is one that can estimate true scores between individuals over time and which has minimized error due to the measurement itself. ![]() ![]() Reliability is defined as an estimate of the true measurement of a construct that accounts for both variability and error across multiple independent measurements (Brennan, 2010 Cronbach, 1947). After a series of items is presented (pictures, words, or other stimuli), participants can be asked to list the items they remember (recall) or indicate which items were presented from a set of items that includes new items as well as the presented ones (recognition). Although there are multiple tests to measure episodic memory in the laboratory, the predominant measures are recall and recognition tests (Otani & Schwartz, 2019 Renoult & Rugg, 2019). Episodic memory, a necessary function in everyday life, is defined as memory for an event or item and associated contextual details including time and place (Tulving, 2002). ![]()
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